Adverbs berfungsi untuk memberi informasi tentang verbs, adjectives dan adverbs lain.
Adverb terdiri atas tiga kelompok, yaitu :
- Adjunct adalah adverb yang terletak atau menjadi bagian dalam sebuah kalimat atau clause.
- Disjunct adalah adverb yang terletak di luar sebuah kalimat atau clause dan bersifat nonrestrictive (memberi informasi tambahan). Disjunct selalu disertai dengan tanda koma dan biasanya terletak di awal kalimat. Disjunct disebut juga fronted adverbial.
- Conjunct adalah adverb yang menghubungkan antara dua clause dan bersifat restrictive (mengidentifikasi atau membatasi suatu kata atau phrase). Conjunct tidak disertai dengan tanda koma. Tetapi, jika conjunct terletak di awal kalimat, maka harus disertai dengan tanda koma.
Contoh :
1. Sam drove carefully along the narrow road.
2. Susan plays the piano very well.
3. We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily.
4. She speaks English perfectly.
5. We waited patiently.
6. I cut my nails diligently.
7. At 9 O'clock, the employees get to work focusly.
Note :
- Well adalah adverb, sedangkan good adalah adjective.
- Kata fast, hard dan late dapat menjadi adverb maupun adjective. Apabila
menjadi adverb, maka kata-kata ini terletak setelah verb. Jika hard dan late
mendapat akhiran –ly, maka akan terjadi perubahan arti.
Penempatan Adverb
• Di awal kalimat
• Setelah verbs
• Setelah auxiliary verbs. Tetapi, jika auxiliary verbs berupa have dan has digunakan sebagai main verb, adverb diletakkan sebelum have dan has.
• Setelah modal verbs
• Sebelum adjective
• Bersebelahan dengan adverb lain, khususnya adverb -ly.
• Di awal kalimat diikuti tanda koma
• Di akhir kalimat setelah tanda koma atau tanpa tanda koma. Untuk adverb -ly dapat diletakkan di akhir kalimat tanpa didahului tanda koma.
Contoh :
1. It’s a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good. (adverb + adjective)
2. Amanda learns languages incredibly quickly. (adverb + adverb)
3. The exam was surprisingly easily. (adverb + adverb)
4. The meeting was badly organised. (auxiliary verb + adverb)
5. It wasn’t a serious accident. The car was only slightly damaged. (auxiliary verb + adverb)
6. Will’s mother is seriously ill in hospital. (adverb + adjective)
7. The robber lost strongly mysteriously. (adverb + adverb)
8. He had to carefully read this paragraph in order to find the main idea. (modal verb + adverb)
9. She often forgets to eat because he is busy at work. (Adverb + Verb)
10. He sometimes gets sad when he remembers his hometown. (Adverb + Verb + Adjective)
11. He has always been in a rush to make decisions. (Auxiliary verb + Adverb)
12. She usually has good ideas. (Adverb + Verb)
Biasanya urutan adverb dalam sebuah kalimat, yaitu diawali dengan adverb of place, diikuti dengan adverb of manner dan adverb of time.
Contoh :
1. My sister goes to the office by bus every day.
2. James checks the stock in the warehouse carefully at the end of every month.
Namun, terkadang adverb of time diletakkan di awal kalimat untuk memberi penekanan.
Pembentukan Adverb berakhiran –ly
Adverb berakhiran –ly merupakan adverb of manner (kata keterangan cara) yang dibentuk dari kata sifat yang
mendapat akhiran –ly. Karena itu, adverb -ly memiliki arti “dengan + kata sifat” atau "secara + kata sifat".
Cara pembentukan adverb berakhiran –ly adalah
sebagai berikut :
1. Apabila adjective berakhiran LE, seperti BLE
atau TLE, maka huruf E diganti dengan huruf Y.
Contoh :
reasonably, availably, capably, gently, incredibly, horribly dan lain – lain.
2. Apabila adjective terdiri dari dua suku kata dan
berakhiran huruf Y, maka huruf Y diganti dengan huruf I.
Contoh : easily, heavily, happily dan lain – lain.
3. Kita dapat langsung memberi akhiran –ly tanpa
menghilangkan akhiran huruf L pada adjective.
Contoh : carefully, totally, actually, officially,
unusually, specially dan lain – lain.
4. Kita dapat langsung memberi akhiran –ly tanpa
menghilangkan akhiran huruf E pada adjective.
Contoh : loosely, positively, routinely,
completely, absolutely dan lain – lain.
5. Apabila adjective berakhiran IC, maka adjective
mendapat akhiran –ically.
Contoh : periodically, energetically dan lain –
lain.
6. Kita dapat langsung memberi akhiran –ly tanpa
penambahan atau penggantian huruf sebelum akhiran –ly.
Contoh : deeply, mysteriously, seriously, badly, perfectly,
nervously, quickly, slowly, clearly, cleanly dan lain – lain.
Macam-Macam Adverb
Adjunct terbagi menjadi 14 jenis, yaitu :
a. Adverb of Manner adalah kata keterangan yang
digunakan untuk menjelaskan suatu cara melakukan pekerjaan atau kegiatan.
Karena itu, adverb ini terletak setelah kata kerja.
Adverbs : as, like, or, the way, hard, fast, badly, slowly, bravely, neatly, quickly, easily, well, timidly, carefully, cheerfully, efficiently, painfully, regularly, hastily, reluctantly, gently dan lain – lain.
Contoh :
1. He tries to dress up like Michael Jackson.
2. She looks up quickly for what he needs.
3. All of the children are singing cheerfully.
b. Adverb of Time adalah kata keterangan yang
digunakan untuk menjelaskan kapan suatu hal terjadi.
Adverbs : after, afterwards, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time, once, since, till, until, when, while, whenever, then, now, soon, later, yesterday, next time, tommorow, yet, already, last month, last year, last week, daily, recently, lately, tonight, today, suddenly dan lain – lain.
Contoh :
1. Those police won't give up until they solve the mystery of the explosion at the attorney general's building.
2. don't like sushi. I tried it once.
3. I had an accident recently.
c. Adverb of Place adalah kata keterangan yang
digunakan untuk menjelaskan tempat sesuatu terjadi.
Adverbs : in, on, down, up, out, far, near, here, there, below, under, about, around, off, away, above, abroad, outside, inside, beside, in front of, back, behind, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, wherever, within, somewhere dan lain – lain.
Contoh :
1. Your motorcycle keys are under the book.
2. I didn't see my cat anywhere. I've looking for it everywhere.
3. The thief was hiding downstairs.
Setiap kata berawalan any digunakan untuk kalimat negatif. Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang kata berawalan any ada pada artikel
Penggunaan Some Dan Any
d. Adverb of Degree or Comparison adalah kata keterangan yang
digunakan untuk menjelaskan tingkatan suatu peristiwa atau kegiatan atau menyatakan perbandingan.
Adverbs : than, as...as, so...as, or the...the, very, enough, too, rather, more than, less than, pretty, fairly, nearly, quite, entirely, almost, extremely, completely, just, barely, partly, deeply, slightly, absolutely dan lain – lain.
Contoh :
1. I can play a drum slightly.
2. She was so brave as to face the robber.
3. He gave a trust to his sister entirely.
e. Adverb of Direction adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan arah suatu tempat.
Adverbs : north, south, east, west, straight, left, right, ahead, above, below, upwards, downwards dan lain-lain.
Contoh :
1. The birds fly south in winter.
2. She immediately went downwards to open the door when his mother came home.
3. Just go straight along this road, later you will find a photocopier rental.
f. Adverb of Modality adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan tentang harapan atau keyakinan terhadap sesuatu.
Adverbs : probably, perhaps, maybe, hopefully, fortunately, possibly, nessecarily, certainly, surely, absolutely, obviously, totally, clearly, definitely dan lain-lain.
Contoh :
1. I get a new job fortunately.
2. You can necessarily forget about that problem.
3. I'm sure she definitely won that contest.
g. Adverb of Certainty adalah kata keterangan yang
digunakan untuk menjelaskan kepastian atau keyakinan tentang suatu hal.
Adverbs : maybe, perhaps, really, probably, possibly, surely, certainly, obviously, definitely, confidently, clearly, undoubtedly dan lain – lain.
Contoh :
1. Now that it was obviously, he was innocent.
2. He woke up late, undoubtedly he arrived late at the office.
3. He made the presentation confidently.
h. Adverb of Purpose adalah kata keterangan yang
digunakan untuk menjelaskan alasan suatu hal terjadi.
Adverbs : hence, because, therefore, as a result, in order to, in order that so, so that, so as, for, because of, that dan lain – lain.
Contoh :
1. He was very polite as a result of his parents' upbringing.
2. She's been practicing a lot so that she can perform well on the stage.
3. He work out regularly in order to get a healthy body.
i. Adverbs of Frequency terletak sebelum verb dalam sebuah kalimat. Adverbs of frequency biasanya terletak sebelum verb karena kata keterangan jenis ini digunakan untuk menjelaskan seberapa sering sesuatu terjadi atau dilakukan.
Adverbs : usually, sometimes, frequently, often, almost, seldom, rarely, never, ever, week, days, once, twice, three times, generally, regularly, always, harldy, hardly ever dan lain – lain.
Contoh :
1. The truck took a sharp turn at high speed until it almost fell into a cliff.
2. I had an accident once when I was riding a motorcycle on the highway.
3. She usually to go down this road to come home.
j. Adverb of Reason (Adverb of Cause and Effect) adalah kata keterangan yang menawarkan alasan untuk ide utama.
Adverbs : as, as a result, because, outcome, now that, given, since, hence, accidentally, led to, due to, owing to, so, unless, then, so then, thanks to, the cause of, the reason for, on account of, consequently, subsequently, finally, in order to, for instance, therefore, thereupon, accordingly dan lain-lain.
Contoh :
1. Thanks to your support, i'll try my best.
2. I feel tired easily owing to staying up too much.
3. His car tire suddenly leaked on account of the nail mine.
4. His success in running this culinary business was due to his patience.
5. I feel that his carelessness led to him not being trusted enough to handle this case.
6. I crossed hastily thereupon i almost got hit by a motorbike.
k. Adverb of Condition adalah kata keterangan yang menyatakan sesuatu yang mulai berlaku atau kondisi untuk ide utama.
Adverbs : even if, if, only if, in case, unless dan lain-lain.
Contoh :
1. I will come only if she invites me.
2. Don't promise if you can't keep.
3. I didn't know whether she like it or not.
l. Adverb of Concession or Contrast adalah kata keterangan yang menyatakan pernyataan yang kontras dengan ide utama atau menyatakan pertentangan.
Adverbs : though, although, even though, while, whereas, despite, no matter what, no matter how, in spite of, whatever, whenever dan lain-lain.
Contoh :
1. I will still do it no matter how you forbid me.
2. I will still try to do it despite i ever fail.
3. You are still waiting for her here whereas she doesn't want to see you.
m. Adverb of Evaluation adalah kata keterangan yang menyatakan komentar atau opini dari sesuatu.
Adverbs : apparently, clearly, carelessly, fairly, frankly, fortunately, honestly, hopefully dan lain-lain.
Contoh :
1. He tidied up his room carelessly.
2. Your cuisine apparently delicious.
3. You must decide fairly.
n. Adverb of Convince adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk meyakinkan/ mencamkan suatu hal.
Adverbs : thoroughly, firmly, privately, easily, undoubtedly, swiftly, speedily, sooner, secondly, readily, possibily, mightily, personally, logically, inwardly, honestly, grievously, gradually, farther, equally, daily, correctly, artificially, apparently dan lain-lain.
Contoh :
1.He may look cold towards you, but he cares inwardly for you.
2. Is it true that there is rain falling artificially?.
3. The factory workers packed the goods swiftly.
Adverbs yang bisa menjadi disjunct, antara lain unfortunately, fortunately, certainly, surely, rightly, frankly, really, actually, obviously, briefly, generally, dutifully, interestingly, obediently, hopefully, of course, in short, to me, to be honest, in my opinion, in fact, in mean, in my point of view, indeed, to be truthful, predictably, astonishingly, amazingly, understandably dan lain-lain.
Contoh :
1. To be truthful, I can't believe what he said.
2. Obediently, they follow the covid 19 protocol.
3. In my point of view, this plan this plan is less attractive to people.
4. Astonishingly, he managed to score a goal.
5. Understandably, why she was afraid to do it.
- The first two days/weeks/years.
- The next few weeks/days/years.
Contoh :
1. I didn’t enjoy the first two days of the course.
2. They’ll be away for the next few weeks.
Hardly, Nearly dan Lately
Hardly, nearly dan lately merupakan adverbs of frequency yang dibentuk dari penambahan akhiran -ly pada adjective. Ketiga adverbs ini memiliki makna yang kontras dengan makna adjective-nya (without -ly).
Hardly memiliki makna "hampir tidak".
Nearly memiliki makna "hampir".
Lately memiliki makna "baru-baru ini" atau "belakangan ini".
Contoh :
1. I’m not surprised he didn’t find a job. He hardly tried.
2. We’ve only met once or twice. We hardly know each other.
3. It’s hardly surprising that you’re tired. You haven’t slept for three days.
4. She's done a lot of mistakes lately.
5. He nearly forgot to bring his math book.
6. She nearly fell down the stairs.
7. He's not feeling well lately.
Meskipun diawali dengan kata can atau could, kata
hardly tetap memiliki arti yang sama.
Contoh :
1. My leg was hurting. I could hardly walk.
2. I’m tired. I can hardly run.
Kata hardly dapat diikuti dengan any + noun/ anybody/
anything atau anywhere walaupun kalimat tidak berbentuk negatif. Kata any + noun/
anybody/ anything atau anywhere digunakan dalam kalimat negatif. Apabila
terdapat verb, kata hardly dapat diletakkan sebelum atau setelah verb.
Contoh :
1. These two cameras are very similiar. There’s
hardly any difference between them.
2. She said hardly anything. (= She hardly said
anything).
3. We’ve got hardly any money. (= We’ve hardly got
any money).
4. It was a very warm day and there was hardly any
wind.
5. The hotel was almost empty. There was hardly
anybody staying there.
6. It was very crowded in the room. There was
hardly anywhere to sit.
Untuk menyatakan keterangan waktu, kita dapat menggunakan kata – kata berikut ini :
- The last .... minutes/days/weeks/years.
Komentar
Posting Komentar