Subject Verb Agreement dan Penggunaan Indefinite Pronoun
Berikut ini beberapa aturan tentang subject verb agreement :
1. The books are neatly arranged on the table.
2. Relative Clause, Noun Phrase atau Prepositional Phrase
Contoh :
Contoh :
1. Nadine, accompanied by
Manda, goes to the bookstore.
2. Isabelle, as well as her friends welcomes their
idol backstage.
3. Children, together with their parents go to the
zoo.
4. We, along with our coach, are getting ready to
head out to the field.
4. Conjunction And dan Or
Contoh :
1. The woman and her baby are taking
a walk around the park.
2. Rangga or Ryan who was finally elected as student council
president.
5. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns merupakan kata ganti orang atau benda yang diikuti singular noun.
Berikut ini indefinite pronouns :
- Anybody, Anyone, Anything
Anybody, anyone dan anything biasanya digunakan untuk kalimat tanya dan negatif. Anybody, anyone dan anything juga dapat digunakan dalam kalimat positif, tetapi dengan konteks "ada kemungkinan kecil". Anyone lebih sering digunakan dalam writing dan bersifat lebih formal daripada anybody.
Contoh :
1. Is there anybody willing to come?.
2. I've never met anyone who was a member of the writing
community.
3. I will never forget anyone who has contributed to my life.
- Somebody, Someone, Something
Somebody, someone dan something biasanya digunakan dalam kalimat positif. Namun, ketiga kata ini juga dapat digunakan dalam kalimat negatif atau tanya yang negatif atau positif terhadap seseorang atau sesuatu yang spesifik atau tertentu. Tetapi, jika seseorang yang dimaksud tidak pasti atau masih dipertanyakan, someone dan somebody dapat bersifat plural.
Contoh
:
1. Did someone hear our conversation?.
2. Will somebody come there?.
Hear dan come tidak mendapat akhiran -s karena konteks pertanyaan tidak ditujukan pada seseorang tertentu.
Someone bersifat lebih formal daripada somebody. Karena itu, someone lebih sering digunakan dalam writing, sedangkan somebody lebih sering digunakan dalam percakapan.
Some biasanya diikuti dengan singular countable noun. Someone dan anyone digunakan untuk menyatakan seseorang yang lebih spesifik atau tertentu. Some memiliki makna lebih kecil atau lebih sedikit daripada several.
Contoh
:
1. Someone is fishing in the lake.
2. Something was on the wall in the room.
3. Is someone who overhears our
conversation?.
4. There is somebody hiding in the bush.
5. There was someone waiting in the garden.
Tahukah kamu?, apabila noun dinyatakan dengan kata 'something', maka adjective diletakkan di belakangnya. Tetapi, jika noun berupa jenis benda, maka adjective diletakkan di depannya.
Contoh :
Something new.
A new book.
Something big.
A big house.
- Nobody, No one, Nothing
Nobody, no one dan nothing digunakan dalam kalimat positif, tetapi memiliki makna negatif karena kata-kata ini menunjukkan ketidakberadaan seseorang atau sesuatu. No one bersifat lebih formal dan lebih sering digunakan dalam writing. Nobody bersifat non formal dan lebih sering digunakan dalam percakapan.
Contoh
:
1. There is no one in class during school break.
2. No one knows where he is now.
3. Nobody is passing this way, but why do I hear voices of
people talking.
4. There was nothing that could be used to open this can.
- Everybody, Everyone, Everything
Everybody, everyone dan everything dapat digunakan dalam kalimat positif, negatif dan tanya. Everyone bersifat lebih formal daripada everybody.
Contoh
:
1. Everybody who is 17 years old and over has the right to use
their right to vote in the General Election.
2. Everyone has mistakes.
3. Everything ends well.
Selain itu, everyone hanya dapat digunakan untuk makhluk hidup, sedangkan every one dapat digunakan untuk benda mati maupun makhluk hidup.
Lalu, bagaimana dengan perbedaan everyday dan every day?. Berdasarkan penempatannya, everyday selalu ditempatkan sebelum noun yang dijelaskan, sedangkan every day selalu ditempatkan setelah noun yang dijelaskan. Perbedaan lainnya, everyday merujuk pada kegiatan yang teratur, alami atau biasa terjadi, sedangkan every day merujuk pada kegiatan yang terjadi setiap hari. Every day memiliki makna yang sama dengan each day.
Contohnya, kita menggambarkan kegiatan mengantri untuk membeli karcis dengan kata everyday, sedangkan untuk meminum secangkir kopi dengan kata every day.
- Each
Apapun bentuk kata yang mengikuti each, meskipun bersifat jamak, kata tersebut tetap dianggap singular karena each berarti "tiap-tiap" atau "masing-masing".
Each digunakan untuk menyatakan satu-persatu dari suatu kumpulan atau grup, sedangkan every digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu hal secara kolektif (kumpulan atau grup). Each dapat menunjukkan dua atau lebih suatu hal. Every dapat menunjukkan tiga atau lebih suatu hal.
Contoh
:
1. Each child draws something they like.
2. Each plant is watered every day.
Untuk subjek 'student' terkadang kata each disertai plural verb.
Contoh
:
The answer sheets for each student have been distributed, so
the exam can begin immediately.
Contoh :
We collected used books and put each one in a box to take to the orphanage.
Each + Of dapat diikuti oleh possessive adjective atau object pronouns.
1. I bought some bracelets.
Each of them has a pendant symbolized by letters.
2. Each of you has the right
to express your opinion in this meeting.
3. I cover each of my books.
1. I saw three kittens, each
busy playing. (plural)
2. They are each invited to
his birthday party. (plural)
3. We have each made a
chocolate cake. (plural)
Each diletakkan setelah jumlah
atau angka total dari sesuatu yang berjumlah jamak untuk menyatakan tiap-tiap
atau masing-masing harga, berat, ukuran dan lain-lain dari sesuatu tersebut.
These hats costs Rp. 25,000
each.
Each dapat diletakkan setelah
pronoun untuk menyatakan tiap-tiap atau masing-masing. Atau sebelum noun untuk
menyatakan tiap-tiap atau masing-masing.
1. You each will be given a
task according to your ability. (setelah pronoun)
2. Mrs. Maya corrected each
student's answer sheet. (sebelum noun)
They had each been reminded
that the exam would start next week.
Apostrophe dan huruf s dapat
ditambahkan setelah indefinite pronoun untuk menyatakan kepemilikan.
1. I didn't take anyone's pen.
2. I'm wearing someone's hat.
None dan no dapat diikuti dengan singular atau plural verb tergantung dengan kata benda yang mengikutinya. Jika kata benda yang mengikutinya termasuk uncountable nouns, maka none/no disertai dengan singular verbs. Jika kata benda yang mengikutinya termasuk countable nouns, maka none/no disertai dengan plural verbs.
Contoh
:
1. None of the sour fruits were sold in this shop.
2. None of the sugar spills on the table.
3. No sausages were sold in this shop.
4. No cooking oil was bought by her.
7. Either dan Neither
Jika either tanpa or, maka either diikuti dengan singular verbs. Jika neither tanpa nor, maka neither diikuti dengan singular verbs. Jika tanpa or atau nor, either dan neither diikuti of. Either of memiliki arti "salah satu dari", sedangkan neither of memiliki arti "tidak satupun dari". Kata benda yang terletak sebelum or atau nor tidak mempengaruhi verbs. Dengan kata lain, verbs mengikuti kata benda yang disebutkan terakhir (setelah or atau nor).
Contoh
:
1. Neither of these books is interesting.
2. Either of these books looks interesting.
3. Neither papaya nor cucumber tastes good.
4. Either he or I were elected as student council president.
5. Neither Samantha nor I have submitted assignments.
6. Either Abigail and Louis or you are expected to come to the
field.
8. Gerund dan Infinitive
Gerund dan infinitive dapat menjadi subjek kalimat. Baik gerund maupun infinitive diikuti oleh singular verbs. Tetapi, jika gerund dan infinitive lebih dari satu pada kalimat atau disertai dengan kata and, maka keduanya akan diikuti oleh plural verbs.
Contoh
:
1. Having breakfast is my routine every morning.
2. To cool the room is the function of this tool.
3. Singing and exercising are her hobbies.
4. To soften and tighten the skin are the benefits of this
lotion.
Persons
|
A band of men |
A class of students |
|
A cast of actors |
A company of actors |
|
A stack of librarians |
A crew of sailors |
|
A sentence of judges |
A crowd of people |
|
A galaxy of beauties |
A dynasty of kings |
|
A bevy of girls |
A gang of prisoners |
|
A choir of singers |
A group of dancers |
|
A hack of smokers |
A horde of savages |
|
A flock of tourists |
A host of angels |
|
An army of soldiers |
A line of kings |
|
An army of musicians |
A pack of thieves |
|
An audience of listener |
A panel of experts |
|
A board of directors |
A patrol of policemen |
|
A body of men |
A posse of policemen |
|
A bunch of crocks |
A staff of employees |
|
A line of people |
A team of players |
|
A tribe of natives |
A troupe of artistes |
|
A troop of scouts |
A chest of drawers |
|
A crowd of kids |
A crowd of shoppers |
|
A crowd of reporters |
A gang of workers |
|
A gang of criminals |
A gang of youths |
|
A gang of teenagers |
|
Animals
|
A colony of gulls |
A plague of locusts |
|
A brood of hens |
A string of horses |
|
A flight of birds |
A host of sparrows |
|
A flock of turkeys |
A team of oxen |
|
A flock of birds |
A yoke of oxen |
|
A flock of sheep |
A tribe of goats |
|
A herd of sheep |
A zoo of wild animals |
|
A kennel of dogs |
A school of whales |
|
An army of ants |
A herd of whales |
|
A bevy of quail |
A litter of cubs |
|
A brood of chickens |
A murder of crows |
|
A catch of fish |
A nest of mice |
|
A haul of fish |
A pack of wolves |
|
A cloud of insects |
A pride of lions |
|
A flight of insects |
A troop of lions |
|
A herd of cattle |
A litter of kittens |
|
A hive of bees |
A desert of lapwings |
|
A swarm of bees |
A leap of leopards |
|
A nest of snakes |
A wisp of snipe |
|
A cluster of cats |
A surration of sparrows |
|
A school of dolphins |
A host of sparrows |
|
A rookery of penguins |
A nest of rabbits |
|
A kit of pigeons |
A nursery of raccoons |
|
A farrow of piglets |
A colony of rats |
|
A litter of pigs |
A building of rooks |
|
A troop of monkeys |
A pandemonium of parrots |
|
A parliament of owls |
A train of camels |
|
A clutter of spiders |
A drey of squirrels |
|
A crowd of starlings |
A flight of swallows |
|
A litter of puppies |
A herd of elephants |
|
A murder of crows |
A family of sardines |
|
A sloth of bears |
A herd of seahorses |
|
A bind of salmon |
A party of rainbow fish |
|
A float of tuna |
A shiver of sharks |
|
A swarm of dragonet fish |
A troupe of shrimp |
|
A squad of squid |
A cast of falcons |
|
A brood of hens |
A gaggle of geese |
|
A dopping of goosanders |
A mustering of storks |
|
A stand of flamingos |
A pod of pelicans |
|
A pride of ostriches |
A kindle of kittens |
|
A batch of cakes |
An album of photographs |
|
A can of soda |
A bale of cotton |
|
A bottle of milk |
A basket of fruit |
|
A carton of milk |
A batch of bread |
|
A box of cereal |
A battery of guns |
|
A cup of tea |
A block of flats |
|
A book of notes |
A galaxy of stars |
|
A bouquet of flowers |
A group of islands |
|
A bowl of rice |
A fleet of ships |
|
A bunch of keys |
A forest of trees |
|
A bundle of sticks |
A grove of trees |
|
A catalogue of prices |
A pack of cards |
|
A cloud of dust |
A packet of letters |
|
A clump of bushes |
A pair of shoes |
|
A comb of bananas |
A range of mountains |
|
A hand of bananas |
A forest of trees |
|
A sheaf of grain |
A clump of trees |
|
A shower of rain |
A sheaf of papers |
|
A fall of rain |
A ream of papers |
|
A string of pearls |
A piece of paper |
|
An anthology of poems |
A reel of film |
|
A collection of coins |
A harvest of wheat |
|
A library of books |
A heap of rubbish |
|
A wad of notes |
A hedge of bushes |
|
A suite of furniture |
A set of clubs |
|
A pack of lies |
A bunch of flowers |
|
A bunch of roses |
A bar of shoap |
|
A bunch of grapes |
A gallon of gasoline |
|
A set of tools |
A quiver of arrows |
|
A roll of film |
A hail of bullets |
|
A ball of wool |
A heap of stones |
|
A packet of cigarettes |
A cluster of coconuts |
|
A series of events |
A cluster of diamonds |
|
An album of stamps |
A clutch of eggs |
|
A book of exercises |
A collection of pictures |
|
A column of smoke |
A crop of apples |
|
A compendium of games |
A stack of wood |
|
A fall of snow |
A glossary of words |
|
A fleet of taxis |
A rope of pearls |
|
A fleet of motor-cars |
A range of hills |
|
A flight of airplanes |
An outfit of clothes |
|
A mass of ruins |
A layer of soil |
|
A list of names |
A layer of dirt |
|
A line of cars |
|
Jika menggunakan phrase 'a members of', maka subjek diangggap bertindak masing-masing dan dapat diikuti oleh plural verbs.
Contoh :
1. The government publishes new policies for the people to obey.
2. The choir sings several national anthems.
3. The crowd of reporters is looking for information about a case that is currently the subject of public discussion.
4. A swarm of bees chases a child who is disturbing their hive.
10. A Number of atau The Number of
Contoh :
1. A number of people queue in front of the shop.
11. Plural Nouns Tertentu
Contoh :
1. These scissors are not sharp enough.
2. These jeans are already loose.
3. This pair of shoes has been brushed.
Contoh :
1. There is a cat on the tree.
2. There are many flowers in her garden.
3. There is a minor error in this computer program.
Contoh :
1. The quickest ones are collect the assignment will get an extra score.
2. The tall ones are expected to take the test.
3. The funny ones are not easy to forget.
Kata all merupakan kata yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sekumpulan orang atau sesuatu yang berjumlah lebih dari tiga, sehingga kata all biasanya diikuti oleh kata benda jamak. Karena itu, kata kerja yang digunakan juga merupakan kata kerja jamak (plural verbs).
Kata most dan all dapat diikuti dengan kata of sebelum kata benda.
Contoh :
1. Most of the jackets in this shop are made of leather.
2. Most of the people are willing to accept the new policy.
3. Most of his shirts are black.
4. All students have been present in the field.
5. All pages of this book have been read.
Kata all dapat digunakan setelah pronoun untuk menyatakan semua dari sekumpulan orang. Kata all memiliki makna yang sama dengan whole atau entire.
Contoh :
1. She is going to invite us all to her party.
2. I have read this entire book.
Komentar
Posting Komentar