Macam-Macam Clause dan Compound Complex Sentence
Clause adalah kelompok kata yang terdiri dari subjek dan predikat.
Clause terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu:
1. Dependent Clause adalah klausa yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri atau memiliki makna yang menggantung karena diawali oleh subordinate conjunction atau relative pronoun.
Apabila dependent clause digabungkan dengan independent clause akan membentuk kalimat kompleks (Complex Sentence). Pada kalimat kompleks, dependent clause tidak harus selalu terletak di belakang konjungsi atau klausa kedua. Dependent clause dapat terletak pada klausa pertama atau awal kalimat.
|
After |
Because |
In order that |
Rather than |
Until |
|
Although |
Before |
In order to |
Since |
Whenever |
|
As |
Considering |
No sooner than |
So |
Whereas |
|
As if |
Considering that |
Now that |
So long as |
Wherever |
|
As far as |
Even |
Only if |
So that |
Whether (or not) |
|
As long as |
Even if |
Once |
Than |
While |
|
As much as |
Even though |
Otherwise |
Though |
Whichever |
|
As soon as |
If |
Or else |
Till |
Whoever |
|
As though |
In as much |
Provided that |
Unless |
|
1. II turn my motorbike around considering that a file left behind.
2. Whichever decision you make, i'll support you.
3. I'm disappointed unless he's honest.
Relative pronoun terdiri dari what, when, where, which, whose, whom, why, that dan how.
Adjective Clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi menjelaskan noun atau pronoun dalam suatu kalimat. Karena itu, adjective clause terletak setelah noun dan pronoun. Dengan kata lain, adjective clause berperan sebagai kata sifat dalam sebuah kalimat.
Adjective clause tidak bisa menjadi object suatu kalimat sesuai dengan fungsi kata sifat (Adjective). Umumnya, kalimat dalam adjective clause menyatakan atau menjawab pertanyaan tentang : What kind?, how many? dan which one?.
Adjective clause juga disebut relative clause karena dapat diawali dengan relative pronoun (What, Who, Whom, Whose, Which dan That) atau relative adverbs (Where, When dan Why). Namun kedua kelompok ini sering dianggap/dikenal dengan satu nama, yaitu Relative Pronoun.
Tentang relative pronoun lebih lanjut dapat dipelajari dalam artikel Relative Pronoun dan Penggunaan Preposition Dalam Relative Clause
Contoh :
1. I'll wait for you where we promised to meet.
2. I have seen him whom standing by the window.
3. I wore the blue t-shirt to which is given by my old friend. (Preposition dalam relative clause formal)
I wore the blue t-shirt which is given by my old friend to. (Preposition dalam relative clause informal)
4. I saw an actor of whom act in the Mariposa movie. (Formal)
I saw an actor who act in the Mariposa movie of. (Informal)
Pada kalimat ketiga preposition yang tepat digunakan bersama dengan kata give adalah to, sedangkan for tidak tepat walaupun memiliki arti yang sama, yaitu “untuk”.
Mengenai perbedaan to dan for dapat dipelajari dalam artikel Penggunaan to, for dan of
Adverbial Clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai kata keterangan dalam sebuah kalimat. Kalimat dalam adverbial clause menyatakan atau menjawab pertanyaan tentang : How?, when?, where? dan why?. Adverbial clause menggunakan subordinate conjunction untuk menghubungkan antara dua klausa.
Jika adverbial clause berada di bagian depan dalam suatu kalimat, maka adverbial clause harus dipisahkan dari klausa kedua dengan menggunakan tanda koma. Adverbial clause juga dapat ditunjukkan dengan penggunaan adverb berakhiran -ly di dalam kalimatnya.
1. I will stay strong in facing all problems as long as you are by my side. (Adverb of Time)
2. The congestion was caused due to a collision between a car and a bus. (Adverb of Reason)
Due to memiliki arti "Disebabkan oleh", sehingga setelah Due to adalah noun atau pronoun, bukan verb1.
3. I will still go to the office in spite of i feel unwell (Adverb of Contrast or Concession)
4. I have thought about this decision deeply. I hope this is the best decision. (Adverb of Degree or Comparison)
5. His remarks could not be understood logically. (Adverb of Convince)
Ada banyak jenis adverbial clause berdasarkan jenis adverbnya. Setidaknya dalam artikel Penggunaan Adverb Dalam Adverbial Clause , ada 12 jenis adverbial clause.
c. Noun Clause
Noun Clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi menggantikan noun atau pronoun dalam sebuah kalimat. Noun clause dapat menjadi subject dan object kalimat. Noun clause menyatakan atau menjawab pertanyaan : What?, Who? dan Whom?. Noun clause biasanya terletak setelah verb sesuai perannya sebagai noun dalam suatu kalimat. Noun clause dapat digantikan dengan pronoun, seperti it, them, us, him dan her.
Noun clause biasanya diawali dengan if/whether, that atau question word (dengan akhiran ever atau tidak dengan akhiran ever). Relative pronoun pada adjective clause dibaca “yang”. Tetapi, untuk that pada noun clause dibaca “bahwa”, baik posisinya berada di tengah kalimat maupun di awal kalimat.
Rumus That-Clause :
Verb + that + object + (should) + bare infinitive
To be termasuk verb. Maka, to be dapat diletakkan di depan that.
Should dapat digunakan ataupun tidak tergantung konteks kalimatnya.
Kata that dalam noun clause dapat diikuti verb of mental activity. Adapun verb of mental activity adalah sebagai berikut :
|
Ascertain |
Doubt |
Imagine |
Propose |
Request |
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Assume |
Dream |
Indicate |
Prove |
Reveal |
|
Believe |
Expect |
Insist |
Question |
See |
|
Calculate |
Fancy |
Judge |
Realize |
Show |
|
Care |
Fill |
Know |
Recall |
Suggest |
|
Conceive |
Find out |
Learn |
Reckon |
Suppose |
|
Conclude |
Forget |
Mean |
Recollect |
Surmise |
|
Consider |
Grant |
Mind |
Recommend |
Suspect |
|
Convince |
Guess |
Notice |
Reflect |
Think |
|
Demand |
Hear |
Predict |
Regret |
Trust |
|
Decide |
Hold |
Presume |
Rejoice |
Understand |
|
Discover |
Hope |
Pretend |
Remember |
Wish |
Kata that tidak bisa digunakan setelah kata once.
Contoh :
1. I will never forget whoever was my teacher.
2. Who she waiting for, she has been in that place for a long time.
3. I don't remember whether we've met previously.
4. Cops try to defuse which is ticking inside the warehouse before it explode.
5. She realized that her life easier sufficient.
6. Mom knows how to persuade my sister.
7. That he was emotional is no doubt.
2. Independent Clause adalah klausa yang dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai suatu kalimat. Di antara kedua independent clause dihubungkan oleh coordinate conjunction, adverbial conjuction/ conjunctive adverbs atau titik koma (;) atau biasa disebut semicolon. Apabila dua independent clause digabungkan akan membentuk kalimat majemuk (Compound Sentence).
Contoh :
1. The shopkeeper served customers friendly and patiently.
2. The price of goods in the shop is quiet affordable.
Contoh :
1. He can't play a guitar, but he can sing.
2. I make a brownies for my friends.
1. He loves to sing he will sing in lonely times and to self-entertaining.
2. I could tell she was nervous, she might be thinking about his family matters.
3. This bread has expired I have a stomach ache after eating it.
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Accordingly |
Elsewhere |
In conclusion |
Merely |
Regardless |
|
Additionally |
Equally |
In contrast |
Moreover |
Representatively |
|
Also |
Finally |
In summary |
Namely |
Similarly |
|
Alternatively |
First |
In the first place |
Naturally |
Still |
|
Anyway |
For example |
Incidentally |
Nevertheless |
Subsequently |
|
As a matter of fact |
For instance |
Indeed |
Next |
Then |
|
At the same time |
Further |
Instead |
Nonetheless |
Thereafter |
|
Besides |
Furthermore |
In spite of |
Notably |
Therefore |
|
Briefly |
Hence |
Lately |
Now |
Thus |
|
Certainly |
Henceforth |
Later |
Of course |
Typically |
|
Consequently |
However |
Like |
On the other hand |
Undoubtedly |
|
Conversely |
In addition |
Likewise |
Quickly |
|
|
Definitely |
In comparison |
Meanwhile |
Rather |
|
Contoh :
1. I forget buying some eggs; instead, i bought potatoes. ⟶ Independent clause dihubungkan menggunakan adverbial conjunction.
2. I better wait for her by the side of the road; in comparison, i'm just waiting for her at home.
3. the circus show was incredible; notably, when performances of someone walking on a rope.
Pada adjective clause biasanya relative pronoun dan to be atau auxiliary verb (have, has atau had) yang terletak setelah relative pronoun yang direduksi/ dihilangkan.
1. I lost the bracelet which is given by my friend.
Reduced : I lost the bracelet given by my friend.
2. The racer who had the accident had to rest for several months.
Reduced : The racer the accident had to rest for several months.
b. Reduced Adverbial Clause
Apabila adverbial clause direduksi, maka akan menjadi adverbial phrase. Tidak semua jenis adverbial clause dapat direduksi. Hanya adverb of time, adverb of cause or effect dan adverb of concession or contrast. Pada adverbial clause biasanya subject yang sama dan lebih dari satu yang dapat direduksi atau dihilangkan.
· Subject/to be/auxiliary verb setelah adverb “before, after, since, while, although atau though” dapat direduksi. Apabila setelah subject/to be/auxiliary terdapat verb, maka verb tersebut berubah menjadi verb-ing.
Jika setelah to be/auxiliary verb adalah verb-ing maka kalimat merupakan passive voice. Tentang passive voice lebih lanjut dapat dipelajari dalam artikel
· Adverb “as” memiliki arti “saat” apabila digunakan sebagai adverb of time dan memiliki arti “karena” apabila digunakan sebagai adverb of cause or effect. Adverb “as” dalam kalimat sebab-akibat dapat ikut direduksi bersama dengan subject/to be/auxiliary verb asalkan setelah to be/auxiliary verb adalah noun.
Setelah direduksi, kata as yang berarti “karena” akan berubah menjadi “sebagai”. Adverb “as” juga dapat ikut direduksi jika digunakan sebagai keterangan waktu, tetapi klausa yang terbentuk menjadi kurang lazim.
· Adverb “because atau since” juga dapat ikut direduksi bersamaan dengan subject/to be/auxiliary verb apabila terletak di awal kalimat. Apabila terdapat verb setelah subject/to be/auxiliary, verb tersebut berubah menjadi verb-ing.
· Adverb “as soon as” biasanya diubah menjadi upon atau on setelah direduksi dan verb yang mengikutinya adalah verb-ing.
1. Because he played in the rain, he is sick now.
Reduced : Playing in the rain, he is sick now.
2. He has a big responsibility as he is a leader.
Reduced : He has a big responsibility a leader.
3. I still feel tired although i've rested for a while.
Reduced : I still feel tired although resting for a while
4. She had eaten before she comes here.
Reduced : She had eaten before coming here.
5. As soon as i heard he had an accident, i visited him in the hospital.
Reduced : Upon hearing he had an accident, i visited him in the hospital.
c. Reduced Noun Clause
Pada noun clause biasanya that yang direduksi/ dihilangkan. Tetapi, apabila that terletak di awal kalimat (bukan di tengah kalimat), maka kata that tidak bisa direduksi.
He tries to reflect that the main character in the film is very mysterious.
Reduced : He tries to reflect the main character in the film is very mysterious.
Compound Complex Sentence
Ada satu jenis kalimat lain, yaitu Compound Complex Sentence. Compound Complex Sentence adalah penggabungan dua independent clause dan satu dependent clause.
1. His group will participate in the match this year, he has to train harder than his friends because he is a mainstay player.
2. We told each other about the places where we visited during on vacation even though i had a shorter vacation, but I enjoyed it. Reduced : We told each other
about the places we visited during on vacation although i had a shorter
vacation, but I enjoyed it.
Subject "i" setelah although tidak dapat direduksi karena terdapat subject lainnya, yaitu we. Oleh karena itu, kata had juga tidak dapat diubah menjadi having.
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